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AD538SD Arkusz danych(PDF) 10 Page - Analog Devices |
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AD538SD Arkusz danych(HTML) 10 Page - Analog Devices |
10 / 17 page AD538 Rev. E | Page 9 of 16 THEORY OF OPERATION RE-EXAMINATION OF MULTIPLIER/DIVIDER ACCURACY Traditionally, the accuracy (actually the errors) of analog multipliers and dividers has been specified in terms of percent of full scale. Thus specified, a 1% multiplier error with a 10 V full-scale output would mean a worst-case error of +100 mV at any level within its designated output range. While this type of error specification is easy to test evaluate, and interpret, it can leave the user guessing as to how useful the multiplier actually is at low output levels, those approaching the specified error limit (in this case) 100 mV. The error sources of the AD538 do not follow the percent of full-scale approach to specification, thus it more optimally fits the needs of the very wide dynamic range applications for which it is best suited. Rather than as a percent of full scale, the AD538’s error as a multiplier or divider for a 100:1 (100 mV to 10 V) input range is specified as the sum of two error components: a percent of reading (ideal output) term plus a fixed output offset. Following this format, the AD538AD, operating as a multiplier or divider with inputs down to 100 mV, has a maximum error of ±1% of reading ±500 μV. Some sample total error calculations for both grades over the 100:1 input range are illustrated in Table 4. This error specification format is a familiar one to designers and users of digital voltmeters where error is specified as a percent of reading ± a certain number of digits on the meter readout. For operation as a multiplier or divider over a wider dynamic range (>100:1), the AD538 has a more detailed error specification that is the sum of three components: a percent of reading term, an output offset term, and an input offset term for the VY/VX log ratio section. A sample application of this specification, taken from Table 4, for the AD538AD with VY = 1 V, VZ = 100 mV and VX = 10 mV would yield a maximum error of ±2.0% of reading ±500 μV ± (1 V + 100 mV)/10 mV × 250 μV or ±2.0% of reading ±500 μV ± 27.5 mV. This example illustrates that with very low level inputs the AD538’s incremental gain (VY + VZ)/VX has increased to make the input offset contribution to error substantial. Table 4. Sample Error Calculation Chart (Worst Case) VY Input (V) VZ Input (V) VX Input (V) Ideal Output (V) Total Offset Error Term (mV) % of Reading Error Term (mV) Total Error Summation (mV) Total Error Summation as a % of the Ideal Output 100:1 INPUT RANGE Total Error = ±% rdg ±Output VOS 10 10 10 10 0.5 (AD) 100 (AD) 100.5 (AD) 1.0 (AD) 0.25 (BD) 50 (BD) 50.25 (BD) 0.5 (BD) 10 0.1 0.1 10 0.5 (AD) 100 (AD) 100.5 (AD) 1.0 (AD) 0.25 (BD) 50 (BD) 50.25 (BD) 0.5 (BD) 1 1 1 1 0.5 (AD) 10 ) (AD 10.5 (AD) 1.05 (AD) 0.25 (BD) 5 (BD) 5.25 (BD) 0.5 (BD) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 (AD) 1 (AD) 1.5 (AD) 1.5 (AD) 0.25 (BD) 0.5 (BD) 0.75 (BD) 0.75 (BD) WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE Total Error = ±% rdg ± Output VOS ± Input VOS × (VY + VZ)/VX 1 0.10 0.01 10 28 (AD) 200 (AD) 228 (AD) 2.28 (AD) 16.75 (BD) 100 (BD) 116.75 (BD) 1.17 (BD) 10 0.05 2 0.25 1.76 (AD) 5 (AD) 6.76 (AD) 2.7 (AD) 1 (BD) 2.5 (BD) 3.5 (BD) 1.4 (BD) 5 0.01 0.01 5 125.75 (AD) 100 (AD) 225.75 (AD) 4.52 (AD) 75.4 (BD) 50 (BD) 125.4 (BD) 2.51 (BD) 10 0.01 0.1 1 25.53 (AD) 20 (AD) 45.53 (AD) 4.55 (AD) 15.27 (BD) 10 (BD) 25.27 (BD) 2.53 (BD) |
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