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AD797ARZ-REEL Arkusz danych(PDF) 11 Page - Analog Devices |
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AD797ARZ-REEL Arkusz danych(HTML) 11 Page - Analog Devices |
11 / 20 page AD797 Rev. F | Page 11 of 20 THEORY OF OPERATION The architecture of the AD797 was developed to overcome inherent limitations in previous amplifier designs. Previous precision amplifiers used three stages to ensure high open-loop gain (see Figure 30) at the expense of additional frequency com- pensation components. Slew rate and settling performance are usually compromised, and dynamic performance is not adequate beyond audio frequencies. As can be seen in Figure 30, the first stage gain is rolled off at high frequencies by the compensation network. Second stage noise and distortion then appears at the input and degrade performance. The AD797, on the other hand, uses a single ultrahigh gain stage to achieve dc as well as dynamic precision. As shown in the simplified schematic (Figure 31), Node A, Node B, and Node C track the input voltage, forcing the operating points of all pairs of devices in the signal path to match. By exploiting the inherent matching of devices fabricated on the same IC chip, high open-loop gain, CMRR, PSRR, and low VOS are guaranteed by pairwise device matching (that is, NPN to NPN and PNP to PNP), not by an absolute parameter such as beta and the early voltage. R1 R1 C1 gm gm GAIN = gm × R1 × 5 × 106 GAIN = gm × R1 × A2 × A3 C1 R2 BUFFER BUFFER RL RL VOUT VOUT a. b. A2 A3 C2 Figure 30. Model of AD797 vs. That of a Typical Three-Stage Amplifier R2 R1 I5 VOUT Q1 Q2 +IN –IN R3 Q5 C Q6 I7 I1 I4 I6 Q12 Q8 Q9 Q11 Q10 Q3 Q7 Q4 AB CN CC VSS VCC Figure 31. AD797 Simplified Schematic This matching benefits not just dc precision, but, because it holds up dynamically, both distortion and settling time are also reduced. This single stage has a voltage gain of >5 × 106 and VOS < 80 μV, while at the same time providing a THD + noise of less than −120 dB and true 16-bit settling in less than 800 ns. The elimination of second-stage noise effects has the additional benefit of making the low noise of the AD797 (<0.9 nV/√Hz) extend to beyond 1 MHz. This means new levels of perform- ance for sampled data and imaging systems. All of this performance as well as load drive in excess of 30 mA are made possible by the Analog Devices, Inc., advanced complementary bipolar (CB) process. Another unique feature of this circuit is that the addition of a single capacitor, CN (see Figure 31), enables cancellation of distortion due to the output stage. This can best be explained by referring to a simplified representation of the AD797 using idealized blocks for the different circuit elements (Figure 32). A single equation yields the open-loop transfer function of this amplifier; solving it at Node B yields ω − ω − ω = j A C j C j A C g V V C N N m IN OUT where: gm is the transconductance of Q1 and Q2. A is the gain of the output stage (~1). VOUT is voltage at the output. VIN is differential input voltage. When CN is equal to CC, the ideal single-pole op amp response is attained: C j g V V m IN OUT ω = In Figure 32, the terms of Node A, which include the properties of the output stage, such as output impedance and distortion, cancel by simple subtraction. Therefore, the distortion cancellation does not affect the stability or frequency response of the amplifier. With only 500 μA of output stage bias, the AD797 delivers a 1 kHz sine wave into 60 Ω at 7 V rms with only 1 ppm of distortion. –IN +IN Q1 Q2 I1 I2 VOUT I3 C A I4 CN CC B CURRENT MIRROR A 1 Figure 32. AD797 Block Diagram NOISE AND SOURCE IMPEDANCE CONSIDERATIONS The AD797 ultralow voltage noise of 0.9 nV/√Hz is achieved with special input transistors running at nearly 1 mA of collector current. Therefore, it is important to consider the total input-referred noise (eNtotal), which includes contributions |
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