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ADXL05JH Arkusz danych(PDF) 15 Page - Analog Devices |
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ADXL05JH Arkusz danych(HTML) 15 Page - Analog Devices |
15 / 20 page ADXL05 –15– REV. B Additional Noise Reduction Techniques Shielded wire should be used for connecting the accelerometer to any circuitry that is more than a few inches away—to avoid 60 Hz pickup from ac line voltage. Ground the cable’s shield at only one end and connect a separate common lead between the circuits; this will help to prevent ground loops. Also, if the accelerometer is inside a metal enclosure, this should be grounded as well. Methods for Reducing 0 g Offset Drift When using any accelerometer with a dc (gravity sensing) re- sponse, the 0 g offset level will exhibit some temperature drift. For very high accuracy applications, one very straightforward approach is to use a low cost crystal oven to maintain the accel- erometer at a constant temperature. These ovens are available in a variety of different temperatures. After the circuit has been built and is operating correctly, the crystal oven can be mounted over the accelerometer and powered off the same +5 V power supply. The ovens may be purchased from Isotemp Research, Inc., P.O. Box 3389, Charlottesville, VA 22903, phone 804-295-3101. For more details on crystal oven compensation, refer to application note AN-385. Other methods for 0 g drift compensation include using a low cost temperature sensor such as the AD22100 to supply a mi- croprocessor with the device temperature. If the drift curve of the accelerometer is stored in the µP, then a software program can be used to subtract out the drift. Alternatively, a simple 1st order (straight line) correction circuit can be used to subtract out the linear portion of the accelerometer’s drift by using a temperature sensor and op amp to supply a small compensation current. For more details on software and hardware drift com- pensation, refer to application note AN-380. ACCELEROMETER APPLICATIONS Popular applications for low g accelerometers tend to fall into three categories: measurement of tilt and orientation, inertial measurement of acceleration, velocity and distance, and vibra- tion or shock measurement. The ADXL05 is a “dc” accelerometer, meaning that it is ca- pable of measuring static accelerations such as the Earth’s grav- ity. The ADXL05 differs from other acceleration measurement technologies such as piezoelectric and piezofilm sensors which can only respond to ac signals greater than approximately 1 Hz. This dc capability is required for tilt and inertial measurement. For ac shock or vibration the ADXL05 can measure frequencies of up to 4 kHz and has the added benefit of measuring all the way down to dc. Using the ADXL05 in Tilt Applications The ADXL05’s precision dc characteristics make it suitable for tilt measurement. It can directly measure the Earth’s gravity and use this constant force as a position reference to determine incli- nation. As shown in Figure 28, the accelerometer should be mounted so that its sensitive axis is perpendicular to the force of gravity, i.e., parallel to the Earth’s surface. In this manner, it will be most sensitive to changes in orientation (when it is orien- tated 90 ° to the force of gravity). Its output can be then de- scribed by the sine function; a tilt occurring at an angle θ will cause a voltage output equal to: VOUT = Accelerometer Scale Factor V g × sin θ ()×1g + zero g output(V ) θ 1g 1g θ Figure 28. Two Possible Orientations for Tilt Measurement Conversely, for a given acceleration signal and assuming no other changes in the axis or interfering signals, the tilt angle is proportional to the voltage output as shown in Figure 29. The angle, θ can be calculated using: θ = arcsin 1g × VOUT – zero g output(V ) Scale Factor (V / g ) ANGLE OF TILT 500 400 –500 –90 90 –70 –50 –30 –10 100 –200 –300 –400 300 200 –100 0 10 30 50 70 Figure 29. VOUT vs. Tilt Angle The use of an accelerometer in tilt applications has several ad- vantages over the use of a traditional tilt sensor. A traditional tilt sensor consists of glass vial filled with a conductive liquid, typi- cally a mercury or electrolytic solution. Besides being larger than an XL05, it requires additional signal conditioning cir- cuitry. The settling time and frequency response is limited by the amount of time required for the liquid to stop sloshing around in the vial. In high vibration environments, or where high lateral accelerations may be present, it may not be possible to resolve the tilt signal above the “slosh” noise. The acceler- ometer has faster frequency (up to 50 ×) response and set- tling time. Interfering vibrations may be filtered out if necessary, an impossibility with a liquid tilt sensor, since one cannot filter the liquid. Finally, in the presence of lateral accel- erations, an accelerometer provides more useful information, i.e., an acceleration signal, which if cleverly signal processed, can provide both a tilt and an acceleration output. A single ac- celerometer can be used to measure tilt over a 180 ° range; two accelerometers gives a complete 360 ° of measurement. An important characteristic for an accelerometer used in a tilt application is its 0 g offset stability over temperature. The ADXL05 typically exhibits offsets that deviate no more than 0.1 g over the 0 °C to +70°C temperature range, corresponding |
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